Health & Wellness

What Vitamins Should You Not Take At Night?

It may not be ideal to take vitamin D, B complex vitamins, and multivitamins at night. Research suggests vitamin D can interfere with the effects of melatonin and interrupt sleep.

B complex vitamins may cause a boost in energy and cause sleep disruptions.

• Vitamins, minerals, and supplements can interact, affecting absorption and effectiveness. Timing and combination matter to prevent reduced benefits, nutrient deficiencies, or toxicity.

• Common conflicts include calcium with iron or magnesium, zinc with iron or magnesium, and vitamin C with B12 or copper. Spacing doses prevents deficiencies and adverse effects.

• Supplements may also interact with medications, like calcium with thyroid drugs or herbal products with blood pressure medicines. Consult healthcare providers for safe combinations and optimal nutrient absorption.

Why Some Vitamins And Minerals Should Not Be Taken Together

Certain mineral and vitamin supplements are absorbed through the same channels. As a result, when taken at the same time, they compete with each other, potentially decreasing their absorption and effectiveness. On the other hand, taking certain supplements together can be beneficial.

Research in complementary and integrative health shows that nutrient interactions can be broadly classified as synergistic or antagonistic.

Synergistic effects: Nutrients enhance each other’s absorption and impact. Example: Vitamin D improves calcium absorption.

Antagonistic effects: One nutrient reduces the absorption of another, potentially leading to deficiencies. Example: Calcium can block iron absorption.

Doctors recommend multivitamins for certain vitamin deficiencies. If you're taking a vitamin supplement for any type of vitamin deficiency, you should try to take it at a time when your body can best absorb it.

Morning vs. night

Some people claim that it's better to take vitamins at night because your body gets food and nutrition throughout the day. They argue that taking vitamins at night will be more beneficial for your body as it will absorb the vitamins when you are asleep.

However, taking your supplements at night isn't a good practice because your digestion and metabolism slow down when you're asleep. This means that when you take vitamins at night, they are not absorbed as efficiently as during the day.

The best time to take vitamins really depends on the type of vitamin you're taking. Some vitamins should be taken in the morning for maximum absorption. Others, especially those that promote relaxation, are best taken before you go to bed.

Best time to take vitamins by type

Since vitamins should be taken when they can be best absorbed by your body, here's a breakdown of when certain vitamins should be taken.

In the morning

All B vitamins (except for folate) are involved in your body's processes of producing energy. Therefore, supplements of these vitamins may have an energizing effect. For example, it's better to take vitamin B12 in the morning for this reason.

It's also important to take vitamin B6 during the day. When taken at night, it can interfere with sleep and cause vivid dreams.

In the evening

Vitamin E is an antioxidant and has many benefits for people who have trouble sleeping. Since vitamin E has a neuroprotective effect, it is best to take it in the evenings or at night. You can take vitamin E supplements with dinner or just before you go to bed.

With food

Some vitamins — notably, the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K — should be taken with food for maximum absorption. Vitamin D should ideally be taken with the largest meal of the day.

You should also take supplements such as calcium, magnesium, and iron with meals, as they may upset your stomach if you take them on an empty stomach.

To reduce the chances of upsetting your stomach, taking vitamins with food to aid digestion and improve absorption is wise.

Without food

On the other hand, water-soluble vitamins — the B vitamins and vitamin C, especially — are best absorbed on an empty stomach. Taking these before a meal, such as breakfast, is ideal.

Reference:

• buzzrx.com/blog/what-vitamins-should-not-be-taken-together
• medicinenet.com/vitamins_in_the_morning_or_in_the_night/article.htm

What is puberty in simple words?

Puberty is the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction. On average,

puberty typically begins between 8 and 13 in females and 9 and 14 in males.

If your child doesn't ask questions about periods, you can bring it up. By the time they're 6 or 7 years old, most kids can understand the basics of periods. Look for a natural moment to talk about it, such as: when kids asks about puberty or changing bodies.

Emotional changes that occur during puberty:

1. Feeling overly sensitive
2. Looking for an identity
3. Feeling uncertain
4. Peer pressure
5. Conflicting thoughts
6. Mood swings
7. Feeling conscious about self
8. Getting sexual feelings

Puberty is the time when all your major organs and body systems mature. At the end of puberty, you are sexually and reproductively mature. The growth and development that occurs during puberty is prompted by changes in the levels of certain hormones in your body.

Sexual arousal can begin for some people shortly before puberty. Children as young as 10 to 13 may experience sexual attraction or excitement. One study shows that people report experiencing their first orgasm around age 13 to 17. Other studies show it's normal for children as young as 7 to begin feeling sexual desire.

This is the persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. It's often referred to as having a low libido and can cause significant distress and relationship problems.

Women in their 20s to 30s experience a peak in sexual desire due to the active function of the ovaries, which produce high levels of the estrogen hormone responsible for female beauty. However, the secretion of this hormone decreases as the body enters perimenopause, typically from the age of 40 onward.

Being unable to enjoy or not wanting to engage in sexual activities may be a sign of sexual dysfunction. It's very common and highly treatable. Things like stress, health conditions, medication or past sexual trauma can cause it. Sexual dysfunction can happen at any point during the sexual response cycle.

Is it normal for women to have stronger sexual desires before their period?

It's perfectly normal to feel an increased sex drive in the days leading up to your period, whether it happens monthly or occasionally.

Apocrine glands are concentrated in areas abundant in hair follicles, such as the armpits and groin. These glands become active during puberty and produce a thicker, milky sweat that contains proteins and lipids. Unlike eccrine sweat, apocrine sweat is secreted into the hair follicle before it reaches the skin surface.

Increased growth hormone production from the pituitary gland—as a results of sex hormones—leads to the pubertal growth spurt. The adrenal glands (two small glands located above the kidneys) also play a role in producing sex steroids (adrenarche).

Vaginal discharge begins to appear as a sign of puberty and there will be a phenomenon of increased vaginal discharge before the menstrual period. The amount of vaginal discharge will change depending on age as well as female hormone levels.

Puberty is a time of rapid and complex changes involving overlapping components: hormonal, physical, and cognitive. Tanner Staging, also known as Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR), is an objective classification system that providers use to document and track the development and sequence of secondary sex characteristics of children during puberty.

It was developed by Marshall and Tanner while conducting a longitudinal study from the 1940s to the 1960s in England.

Based on observational data, they developed separate scales for the development of external genitalia: phallus, scrotum, and testes volume in males, breasts in females, and pubic hair in both males and females.

The physical changes of puberty require a concerted effort from many organs; these changes are initiated by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis (gonads refer to ovaries in females and testes in males). The first hormonal change in puberty is the pulsatile release of GnRH triggered by disinhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

Although the cause of this disinhibition is largely unknown, the subsequent release of GnRH stimulates the pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH and FSH act on specific gonadal cells to stimulate the release of androgens, estrogens, and gametogenesis. LH stimulates the theca cells in the ovary to produce estrogen precursors and the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone.

On the other hand, FSH works on the ovarian follicle to convert the thecal estrogen precursors to estrogen and on the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes to help create sperm. This complex process leads to increased estrogen and testosterone production that then facilitates the development of breasts and the formation of adult male genitalia.

The adrenal glands also contribute to the formation of secondary sex characteristics, particularly pubarche, which is the development of pubic and axillary hair. Although adrenal maturation often coincides with HPG axis maturation, it is important to note that these processes occur independently and that pubarche itself is not the best indicator of pubertal development.

Causes of early or delayed puberty:

Diets high in meat, dairy products, and processed plant-based foods have been associated with an earlier onset of menstruation, while vegetarian diets and vigorous physical activity are known to delay the onset of menstruation. The earlier and more intense hormonal activity contributes to an earlier onset of puberty.

In females delayed puberty is defined as either lack of breast development (Tanner I) at age 13 years or absent menses at age 16 years. Most adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with delayed pubertal onset will spontaneously initiate and complete puberty without intervention – albeit later than their peers.

Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys. This definition, endorsed by major pediatric and endocrine societies, remains the standard threshold for initiating further evaluation.

Some of the conditions that can cause early or delayed puberty include: problems with the ovaries, testicles or hormones. certain conditions, such as cystic fibrosis or diabetes. damage to the brain – from surgery, radiotherapy, infection or a severe head injury, for example.

How much delay in period is normal?

1-7 days late: Variations within a week stay normal for many people. Cycles can naturally fluctuate by several days from month to month. 8-14 days late: At more than a week overdue, your period qualifies as late. If you're sexually active and could be pregnant, take a pregnancy test.

Conditions associated with low GnRH levels in females include:

• Abnormal menstruation or amenorrhea (missed periods)
• Anovulation (no ovulation)
• Delayed sexual maturation and puberty
• Female infertility
• Low sex drive (hypogonadism)

What does psychosexual dysfunction mean?

If you experience problems getting sexually aroused or feeling sexual satisfaction, you may have a mental or emotional condition called psychosexual dysfunction.

Mental or emotional causes include: Depression. Anxiety. Traumatic sexual experience, such as abuse or rape.

Feelings of guilt, shame, stress, and negative body image may develop afterward.

They may arise due to anxiety, nervousness, worry, fear, distorted body image, physical or emotional trauma. In addition, ignorance, misinformation, superstition, and improper sex education contribute toward these disorders.

Does puberty cause emotional problems?

Your teen's moods can change quickly during puberty. This happens for a few reasons: Hormones — changing levels of hormones like estrogen and testosterone can affect emotions and sometimes lead to mood swings. Brain changes — the parts of the brain that control feelings and decision-making grow at different speeds.

How to know if puberty has ended?

Periods usually start around two years after breasts start to bud or pubic hair starts to grow. If periods haven't started three years after puberty began, make an appointment with your child's healthcare provider. Stage 5 is the final phase. Development typically ends in this stage. Girls reach physical adulthood.

Reference:

• ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470280
• pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4886584
• samphireneuro.com/blog/how-late-can-a-period-be
• uvahealth.com/treatments/psychosexual-dysfunction
• betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/puberty
• menstrupedia.com/articles/puberty/emotional-changes?
• my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22525-gonadotropin-releasing-hormone

See also:

• Can pre-puberty cause anxiety?
• What are the tanner stages of puberty?
• Can early puberty cause behavior problems?
• What do boys/girls need to know about puberty?
• Sex education guidance to undergo revamp for the 'mobile age'
• Pubertal Development, Emotion Regulatory Styles, and the Emergence of Sex Differences in Internalizing Disorders and Symptoms in Adolescence

The top part of the foot is called the dorsum - or dorsal region and the underside is called the sole, or the plantar region.

The foot sole refers to the undersurface of the foot that contains cutaneous tactile receptors, providing sensory feedback about terrain characteristics which is essential for maintaining postural control and stability during standing and walking.

The sole—or plantar surface—is the part of the foot that directly connects with the ground, absorbing impact and supporting body weight. Understanding its anatomy helps us appreciate why the right footwear plays such a key role in maintaining foot health and preventing discomfort.

"sole of foot": Synonyms: Plantar region of foot, Regio plantaris pedis , show more... The sole of foot refers to the inferior or bottom surface of the foot, which contacts the floor when standing barefoot. It is also called the plantar region of foot, and is opposite to the dorsum of foot, which refers to the superior surface.

• > Planta pedis – the bottom of the foot; called also sole.
• > Plantalgia – pain in the sole of the foot.
• > Plantar reflex – plantar flexion of the foot when the ankle is grasped firmly and the lateral border of the sole is stroked or scratched from the heel toward the toes.

The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation found elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of sweat pores. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed by a set of creases that form during the early stages of embryonic development. Like those of the palm, the sweat pores of the sole lack sebaceous glands.

The sole is a sensory organ by which the ground can be perceived while standing and walking. The subcutaneous tissue in the sole has adapted to deal with the high local compressive forces on the heel and the ball (between the toes and the arch) by developing a system of "pressure chambers." Each chamber is composed of internal fibrofatty tissue covered by external collagen connective tissue. The septa (internal walls) of these chambers are permeated by numerous blood vessels, making the sole one of the most vascularized, or blood-enriched, regions in the human body.

Why do my arches hurt after walking a lot?

Pain in the arch of the foot is common and often linked to conditions like plantar fasciitis, flat feet, high arches, or tendon problems. Morning pain or pain after rest is a key sign of plantar fasciitis and arch strain.

How can I relieve foot arch pain?

Plantar fascia stretch

1. Sit in a chair and put your affected foot on your other knee.
2. Hold the heel of your foot in one hand, and grasp your toes with the other hand.
3. Steady your heel with one hand, and at the same time pull your toes back with your other hand. ...
4. Hold for 15 to 30 seconds.
5. Repeat 2 to 4 times.

Pain in the bottom of your foot (arch, ball or sole) often gets better in a few weeks. But sometimes it can also be something more serious, like a broken foot.

Common causes of pain in the bottom of the foot

Pain in the bottom of your foot is often caused by exercise such as running, wearing shoes that are too tight.

It can also be caused by a lack of vitamin D or calcium, especially in children. Some people also have a foot shape that puts extra pressure on the bottom of the foot.

سروکله زدن با موهای چرب می‌تواند خسته کننده باشد. موهای خود را می‌شویید، خشک می‌کنید و حالت می‌دهید و هنوز چند ساعتی نگذشته که موهایتان بی‌حالت و چرب می‌شود. موهای چرب علاوه بر اینکه از نظر ظاهری ناخوشایند است، ممکن است پوست سر شما را تحریک کرده و باعث بیماری شود. همچنین ریزش مو، خارش پوست سر، قارچ و خیلی عارضه‌های دیگر بیشتر موی چرب را درگیر می‌کند.

البته لازم نیست خیلی نگران شوید چرا که راه‌هایی وجود دارد که می‌توانید برای کاهش چربی تولید شده در پوست سر خود انجام دهید. اما پیش از آن بهتر است بدانید که منشا این همه چربی از کجاست؟

It is primarily caused by build-up of the natural secretion from the sebaceous glands in the scalp and is characterised by the continuous development of natural grease on the scalp. A chronic condition of greasy hair may often accompany chronic greasy skin conditions on the face and body and oily skin and acne.

Does greasy hair mean you're unhealthy?

It is completely normal for the hair to become greasy over time. This just happens faster for some than for others. For a healthy scalp, a little sebum (oil) is not bad at all. The production of sebum is natural and even necessary because it moisturizes the scalp and hair and balances the pH level of the scalp.

WHAT CAUSES GREASY HAIR OR AN OILY SCALP?

Excessive sebum production on the scalp is the cause of greasy hair or an oily scalp. But that excessive sebum production also has a cause. Below we list the most common causes:

• Hormonal changes (due to puberty, menstruation, pregnancy or menopause).
• Diet (an unhealthy diet with too many sugars or saturated fats).
• Stress (production of cortisol and testosterone causes increased sebum production).
• Using the wrong and often too aggressive hair products.
• Heredity (genes can influence the amount of sebum (oil) the glands produce).
• Hot weather, showering too hot, or using heat styling.

علت چرب شدن موی سر

علت چرب شدن موی سر، خود مو نیست. موهای شما نمی‌توانند چربی بسازند. در واقع این چربی که سبوم نام دارد، از غدد چربی روی پوست سر شما تولید می‌شود. پوست شما پوشیده از منافذ ریزی است که فولیکول مو نیز نامیده می‌شوند. فولیکول‌ها ریشه مو را در داخل این منافذ احاطه کرده است. بیشتر این فولیکول‌های مو حاوی غددی هستند، که سبوم تولید می‌کنند. البته که این غدد چربی پوست و مو را سالم و مرطوب نگه می‌دارند. به علاوه این غدد از عفونت پوست سر پیشگیری می‌کنند. اما گاهی اوقات، این غدد چربی بیش از حد تولید کرده و باعث چرب شدن پوست و مو می‌شوند. تولید بیش از اندازه چربی توسط فولیکول‌های مو خود می‌تواند علت‌های مختلفی داشته باشد:

تغییر هورمون‌ها

غدد چربی شما توسط هورمون‌ها کنترل می‌شوند. پس زمانی که این هورمون‌ها تغییر کنند، غدد شما ممکن است چربی بیشتری تولید کنند. این امر به ویژه برای افرادی که در دوران بلوغ هستند یا برای افرادی که از داروهای هورمونی مانند داروی کنترل بارداری استفاده می‌کنند، بسیار اتفاق می‌افتد. در واقع آندروژن‌ها گروهی از هورمون‌های جنسی هستند که تولید سبوم بدن را فعال می‌کنند. به همین دلیل، سبوم اضافی معمولاً در دوران بلوغ و تخمک‌گذاری که همزمان با فعالیت بالای آندروژن است، تولید می‌شود.

داروهای خاص

بعضی از داروها غدد تولیدکننده چربی پوست سر را بیش از حد تحریک می‌کنند. برای مثال داروهای ضد بارداری خوراکی غنی از پروژستین‌های آندروژنی هستند، که گیرنده‌های آندروژن را در بدن شما تحریک کرده و تولید چربی را افزایش می‌دهد.

شستشوی بیش از حد

هیچ چیزی مانند پوست سر آغشته به چربی باعث نمی‌شود که بخواهید بیش از یک بار در روز دوش بگیرید. متأسفانه، انجام این کار می‌تواند دلیلی باشد که پوست سر شما بیش از حد واکنش نشان داده و بیش از حد معمول سبوم تولید کند. همانطور که تمیز کردن بیش از حد پوست باعث تشدید خشکی می‌شود، شستن بیش از حد موها باعث از بین رفتن چربی طبیعی پوست سر و ساقه مو می‌شود. این شرایط غدد چربی را در حالت جنون قرار داده و برای جبران خشکی، چربی بیشتری تولید می‌کند.

ژنتیک

بعضی از آدم‌ها با غده‌هایی به دنیا می‌آیند، که چربی بیش از اندازه تولید می‌کنند. در عوض بعضی از افراد با غده‌هایی به دنیا می‌آیند که چربی خیلی کمی تولید کرده و به این ترتیب پوست و موی خشکی دارند.

شرایط آب و هوایی

آب و هوا می‌تواند ظاهر موها و احساسی که نسبت به آن دارید را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. در محیط‌های مرطوب، رطوبت کمتری از پوست شما تبخیر می‌شود. همین موضوع می‌تواند منجر به احساس سنگینی و چربی موهای شما شود.

بیماری‌های خاص

بیماری‌های مزمن خاص نیز ممکن است باعث افزایش تولید سبوم پوست سر شوند. برای مثال سندرم تخمدان پلی کیستیک یک اختلال هورمونی شایع است که بر سیستم تولید مثل زنان تأثیر می‌گذارد. افراد مبتلا به تخمدان پلی‌کیستیک اغلب از پوست سر چرب و ریزش مو رنج می‌برند.

سطح بالای استرس

کورتیزول یا همان هورمون استرس که در رگ‌های شما جاری می‌شود، موها و پوست سر چرب می‌شوند. تحقیقات نشان می‌دهد که استرس روانی بدن شما را وادار می‌کند تا هورمون پرولاکتین ترشح کند. این ترشحات به غدد چربی سیگنال می‌دهد، تا چربی تولید کند. شرایطی مانند سن بلوغ، استرس و شرایط بحرانی می‌تواند بر سطح هورمون‌های شما اثر گذاشته و این شرایط را ایجاد کند.

انتخاب محصولات موی اشتباه

محصولات موی پر از مواد غنی و سنگین، ممکن است با پوست سر چرب سازگاری نداشته و دلیل چربی بیش از حد پوست سر شود.

رژیم غذایی ناسالم

یک رژیم غذایی ناسالم می‌تواند دلیل اصلی چربی پوست سر باشد. زیاده‌روی در مصرف گوشت، محصولات لبنی، نوشابه‌ها و الکل باعث افزایش تولید سبوم می‌شود.

آیا موی چرب اختلال محسوب می‌شود؟

موی چرب به خودی خود یک اختلال نیست. افرادی که پوست سرشان چرب است می‌توانند موهای سالم و یا حتی موهای خشک و شکننده داشته باشند. موهای شما برای سالم بودن به چربی نیاز دارند، اما چربی بیش از حد می‌تواند منجر به تجمع روی مو و پوست سر شود. پوست چرب همچنین ممکن است در ایجاد بیماری‌هایی مانند درماتیت سبورئیک نقش داشته باشد. درماتیت سبورئیک عارضه‌ای است که در آن پوست شما ملتهب و تحریک‌پذیر می‌شود. شوره سر نیز نوعی درماتیت سبورئیک است. به علاوه پوست سر چرب می‌تواند باعث شوره سر شود. این نوع شوره سر ناشی از مخمری مانند قارچ مالاسزیا شود. این قارچ از چربی روی پوست سر شما تغذیه می‌کند.

آیا درمان قطعی برای موی چرب وجود دارد؟

اگر مشکل ژنتیکی باشد، کار شما سخت خواهد شد. با این وجود چربی موی سر مسئله‌ای است که به راحتی با استفاده از تغییر بعضی از عادت‌ها کنترل می‌شود. در ادامه همه تغییر عادات موثر در کنترل چربی موی سر را توضیح می‌دهیم.

بهترین روش شستشوی موی چرب کدام است؟

شستشوی موی چرب می‌تواند راهی برای کنترل چربی پوست سر و موها باشد. البته شرط آن این است که نحوه صحیح شستن مو را بدانید. دانستن نکته‌های زیر در این زمینه کمکتان می‌کند:

• شامپوی مناسب موی خود را پیدا کنید. روی یک شامپو با کیفیت خوب که برای موهای چرب ساخته شده است سرمایه‌گذاری کنید، تا به کاهش چربی روی پوست سر و تار موهای شما کمک کند. خرید شامپو موهای چرب رپ رپ می‌تواند بهترین انتخاب باشد.
• موهای خود را به خوبی آبکشی کنید تا از باقی ماندن کف شامپو در آن جلوگیری کنید. باقیمانده شامپو روی سر شما می‌تواند پوست سر را بیشتر تحریک کرده و کثیفی و چربی بیشتری را جذب کند.
• یک شامپوی خشک خوب هم در نظر داشته باشید. شامپوهای خشک چربی را بدون نیاز به شستن موهایتان جذب می‌کنند. شامپو خشک راه خوبی برای جلوگیری از چرب به نظر رسیدن موهای شما بین دو بار دوش گرفتن، بعد از ورزش و در هوای مرطوب است. از آنجایی که شامپوی خشک می‌تواند باعث تحریک پوست سر شود، از آن برای چند روز متوالی استفاده نکنید و هر دو روز یک‌بار موهایتان را زیر دوش شامپو بزنید.
• بعد از شستشوی موها در حمام از یک نرم‌کننده ملایم برای ساقه موهای خود استفاده کنید.
• اگر از ماسک نرم‌کننده روی موهای خود استفاده می‌کنید، آن را کاملا آبکشی کنید.

آیا علت چربی موی سر با چربی کف سر متفاوت است؟

باید گفت که بله علت چربی موی سر و چربی کف سر با یکدیگر متفاوت هستند، هرچند که این دو عامل به هم مرتبط‌اند.

چربی کف سر عمدتاً ناشی از فعالیت غدد سباسه (چربی) است که در فولیکول‌های مو قرار دارند و وظیفه‌ی تولید سبوم (چربی طبیعی پوست) را بر عهده دارند. میزان ترشح این غدد تحت‌تأثیر عوامل مختلفی از جمله ژنتیک، هورمون‌ها (به‌ویژه آندروژن‌ها مانند تستوسترون و دی‌هیدروتستوسترون)، رژیم غذایی، استفاده از محصولات نامناسب و... قرار دارد. چربی کف سر به طور طبیعی برای حفظ سلامت پوست و مو ضروری است، اما در برخی افراد، افزایش بیش از حد آن باعث ایجاد مشکلاتی نظیر چربی مفرط، خارش، التهاب و حتی شوره‌های چرب می‌شود.

از سوی دیگر، چربی موی سر بیشتر به دلیل انتقال سبوم از کف سر به ساقه‌ی مو اتفاق می‌افتد. نوع و بافت مو نقش مهمی در این فرآیند دارد؛ برای مثال، در موهای صاف و نازک، چربی به‌سرعت و یکنواخت در طول ساقه‌ی مو توزیع می‌شود، درحالی‌که در موهای مجعد و ضخیم، به دلیل ساختار مارپیچی، این انتقال کندتر است و ممکن است ریشه‌های مو چرب باشند؛ اما ساقه و انتهای آن خشک بمانند.

بنابراین، اگرچه چربی کف سر و موی سر ارتباط مستقیمی با هم دارند، اما عوامل کنترل‌کنندة آن‌ها تا حدی متفاوت‌اند. برای مدیریت بهتر چربی مو، لازم است که به انتخاب شامپوی مناسب، دفعات شستشو، تنظیم رژیم غذایی، کنترل استرس و رعایت بهداشت پوست سر توجه ویژه‌ای شود.

سبک زندگی و تغذیه مناسب افراد با موهای چرب چگونه است؟

اگر با موهای چرب سروکله می‌زنید، اقداماتی وجود دارد که می‌توانید برای کمک به کاهش چربی موی سر اضافی انجام دهید. مراقبت از موهای چرب شامل انتخاب محصولات مناسب و استفاده صحیح از آن‌ها و همچنین مراقبت از پوست سر است. در ادامه جزییات کاربردی‌تری از این اقدامات را با شما در میان می‌گذاریم:

• رژیم غذایی شما باید شامل غذاهای غنی از ویتامین B، به خصوص B2 و B6 باشد. این عناصر می‌توانند به کنترل تولید سبوم کمک کنند. بنابراین، اضافه کردن غذاهایی مانند سبزیجات برگ‌دار، حبوبات و جلبک دریایی به کنترل چربی مو کمک می‌کند. علاوه بر این، باید غذاهای چرب را کنار بگذارید و مصرف میوه‌ها و سبزیجات را افزایش دهید.
• هیدراته ماندن را فراموش نکنید، زیرا به وضعیت مو، ناخن و پوست شما کمک می‌کند.
• اگر موهایتان خیلی چرب است، از محصولات براق کننده یا عطر موها استفاده نکنید. این محصولات می‌تواند موها را چرب‌تر و سنگین‌تر نشان دهد.
• از آنجایی که پوست سر شما غدد تولیدکننده چربی دارد، باید مراقبت بیشتری از پوست سر خود داشته باشند. تحریک بیش از حد پوست سر می‌تواند فولیکول‌های مو را تحریک کرده و باعث شود چربی بیشتری تولید کنند.
• موهای خود را زیاد برس نکشید. برس زدن بیش از حد می‌تواند باعث شود که فولیکول‌های مو چربی بیشتری تولید کنند.
• هنگامی که موهای خود را با حوله خشک می‌کنید، از مالیدن شدید آن به پوست سر خودداری کنید.
• از سشوار با احتیاط استفاده کنید. سشوار می‌تواند چربی اضافی را کاهش دهد، اما استفاده از سشوار خیلی داغ می‌تواند پوست سر شما را تحریک کند.
• پوست سر خود را نخارانید. همین خاراندن پوست سر عامل تحریک و تولید چربی بیشتر می‌شود.
• محصولات مو را با دقت انتخاب کنید. بعضی از محصولات ممکن است منجر به تحریک یا تجمع چربی پوست سر شوند.

آیا چربی موی سر باعث ریزش مو می‌شود؟

چربی موی سر می‌تواند یکی از عوامل مؤثر در ریزش مو باشد، اما به طور مستقیم باعث آن نمی‌شود. چربی بیش از حد در کف سر و مو می‌تواند محیطی نامناسب برای رشد موها ایجاد کند که به مرور زمان منجر به ضعیف‌شدن فولیکول‌ها و ریزش مو می‌شود.

در این فرآیند، چندین مکانیسم مختلف می‌توانند نقش داشته باشند که در ادامه به آن‌ها اشاره می‌کنیم:

• انسداد فولیکول‌های مو: غدد سباسه فعال چربی زیادی تولید می‌کنند که همراه با سلول‌های مرده و آلودگی‌ها، فولیکول‌ها را مسدود می‌کند.
• تجمع باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌ها: چربی زیاد محیطی مناسب برای رشد باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌ها مانند مالاسزیا فراهم می‌کند. این میکروارگانیسم‌ها می‌توانند موجب التهاب و مشکلاتی مانند درماتیت سبورئیک شوند که با خارش، التهاب و ریزش مو همراه است.
• افزایش تولید هورمون DHT: هورمون دی‌هیدروتستوسترون (DHT) که عامل اصلی ریزش مو با الگوی آندروژنی است، در پوست سر چرب می‌تواند بیشتر فعال شود. DHT موجب کوچک شدن فولیکول‌ها و کوتاه شدن چرخه رشد مو می‌شود که در نهایت باعث نازک شدن و ریزش مو می‌گردد.
• سنگینی موها و کشیدگی فولیکول‌ها: وقتی چربی زیاد روی ساقه مو انباشته می‌شود، موها سنگین‌تر شده و بیشتر به سمت پایین کشیده می‌شوند. این کشش مداوم می‌تواند ریشه مو را تضعیف کرده و در برخی موارد ریزش مو را تسریع کند.

Reference: mediceuticalsusa.com/blogs/do-you-suffer-from-oily-hair-or-an-oily-scalp

شاه‌تره (نام علمی: Fumaria officinalis) نام یک گونه از سرده شاه‌تره و از تیره شقایقیان، علفی یکساله با ساقه‌ای شکننده کوتاه و شاخه‌دار است.

نام علمی گیاه شاتره در زبان لاتین Fumaria Officinalis است و در زبان یونانی نیز به آن Kapnos می‌گویند. گیاه شاتره از فاصله دور ممکن است شبیه دود به‌نظر برسد، به همین دلیل از اوایل قرن سیزدهم به آن نام Earth Smoke (دود زمین) را نسبت داده‌اند. نام‌های مختلف دیگری که به شاتره نسبت داده شده است عبارتند از: Common fumitory، Vapor، Wax Dolls، Beggary،Hedge Fumitory ،Fumus

دارای گل‌های نامنظم و برگ‌های بریده‌است که چون با دست نرم کنند بوی دود می‌دهد. در طعم او تلخی است. در ایران این گیاه اغلب در دامنه‌های زاگرس بخصوص در دشت های (بیجار کردستان)، (فریدونشهر) ، (اقلید فارس) و (کوهسرخ خراسان رضوی) (علاقه خراسان رضوی )(جلگه رخ تربت حیدریه)یافت می‌شود. در گویش عام به شاطره نیز شناخته می‌شود.

اشتهاآور، تصفیه خون، تب‌بر، برطرف‌کننده بیماری‌های پوستی، ضد جوش و حساسیت. شاه تره طبع سردی دارد و در طب سنتی برای درمان بیماری‌های پوستی از آن بسیار استفاده می‌شود.

سایرگونه های این گیاه: Fumaria Indica ، F. cucullaria، F. fungosa ،F. mobilis ،F. sempervirens

ترکیب مقداری عرق شاه تره و عرق کاسنی برای شفافیت پوست و زیبایی استفاده می‌شود؛ و همچنین تأثیر فوق‌العاده‌ای در از بین رفتن جوش‌های دوره بلوغ دارد.

تحقیقات نشان داده است که استفاده از عصاره گیاه شاهتره باعث رفع اگزمای مزمن پوستی و پسوریازیس می شود. همچنین مشخص شده است که عصاره گیاه از تشکیل سنگ های کلیه و صفرا جلوگیری می کند. مشخص شده است که آلکالوئید پروتوپین (آلکالوئید اصلی) موجود در این گیاه در دوزهای پایین اثرات آنتی هیستامینی و کاهنده فشار خون دارد. تحقیقات ثابت کرده است که عصاره گیاه شاهتره می تواند نقش مؤثری در کاهش گلوکز، کلسترول و کراتنین و فعالیت آنزیم های کبدی داشته باشد،بنابراین استفاده از آن در بیماران دیابتی توصیه شده است. مشخص شده است که عصاره آبی- متانولی این گیاه دارای اثرات محافظتی بر روی سمیت کبدی دارد. در پژوهشی دیگر مشخص شده است که گیاه شاهتره و سایر گونه های آن اثرات آنتی کولین استرازی داشته و به صورت خیلی قوی قادر به مهار آنزیم های استیل کولین استراز و بوتیریل کولین استراز است. مشخص شده است که گیاه شاهتره دارای اثرات آنتی اکسیدانی بوده و می توانند سبب مهار رادیکال های آزاد شود و همچنین عملکرد مویرگی را بهبود بخشد که این اثرات را به ترکیبات فلاونوئیدی و فوماریک اسید موجود در گیاه نسبت داده اند تحقیقات نشان داده است که ترکیب فومارات و فوماریک اسید جدا شده از این گیاه دارای اثرات حفاظت کبدی است که به دلیل خواص آنتی اکسیدانی آن است.

نحوه مصرف: عرق شاهتره را به صورت خالص و بدون رقیق کردن با آب مصرف کنید. این عرق را می‌توانید در فنجان بریزید و قبل از هر وعده غذایی به آرامی بنوشید. اگر می‌خواهید طعم آن را بهبود بخشید، می‌توانید آن را با کمی عسل یا آب لیمو مخلوط کنید.

بهترین زمان خوردن عرق کاسنی و شاتره برای کبد چرب روزانه 1 لیوان صبح قبل از وعده غذایی است.

در مصرف عرق و کاسنی و شاتره برای سلامت کبد، انتخاب زمان مصرف درست اهمیت زیادی دارد. شما نمی‌توانید یک لیوان از هر کدام را هر وقت که خواستید بنوشید و انتظار تاثیرات چشمگیری را داشته باشید. بدن انسان چرخه‌های مشخصی دارد که بدون توجه به آن‌ها ممکن است میزان جذب مواد گیاهی مصرف شده توسط شما کاهش پیدا کند. شناخت این بازه‌ها و هماهنگ کردن زمان مصرف با ریتم طبیعی بدن، می‌تواند تفاوت بزرگی در اثرگذاری عرق کاسنی و شاتره ایجاد کند.

بهترین زمان خوردن عرق کاسنی و شاتره برای کبد چرب، صبح‌ها ناشتا و عصرها، حدود یک ساعت قبل از شام است.

نوشیدن این عرقیات به صورت ناشتا باعث می‌شود کبد بتواند از همان ابتدای روز، صفرا و مواد زائد را تخلیه کند و جذب ترکیبات مفید عرق کاسنی و شاتره به حداکثر برسد. اگر طبع شما سرد است، اضافه کردن چند قطره گلاب یا مصرف این دو عرقیات گیاهی به همراه خرما یا عسل می‌تواند تعادل بدن را حفظ کند.

در صورتی‌که نمی‌توانید عرق کاسنی و شاتره را ناشتا مصرف کنید، زمان‌های مناسب دیگر قبل از ناهار یا یک ساعت پیش از شام مناسب هستند. بهتر است این عرقیات را شب پیش از خواب مصرف نکنید چون ممکن است باعث اختلال در خواب شود. رعایت این برنامه به مدت حداقل سه هفته باعث پدیدار شدن تاثیرات خواص عرق کاسنی و شاتره خواهد شد.

Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) is a low shrub with gray pointed leaves that is native to the Mediterranean. The plant can look like smoke from afar.
The above ground parts of fumitory contain chemicals that might reduce spasms in the stomach.

It might also have antibacterial effects. People use fumitory for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), eczema, breast cancer-related hot flashes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Fumitory extract is possibly safe when used in doses up to 500 mg three times daily for up to 18 weeks. But using large amounts of fumitory is possibly unsafe. It contains chemicals that might cause serious side effects in high doses, including trembling, convulsions, and even death.

Fumitory is safe when used during from time to time and in recommended doses.
Due to their alkolid content, it should not be used in high doses and long treatments over 10-15 days.

• - Dermatitis: Fumitory may cause dermatitis or irritaion by direct contact with the skin.
• - Bellyache: overdose can plant belly pains as a side effect.
• - Drowsiness: plant alkaloids have narcotic effect and thay are depressants.
• - Changes in blood pressure: Plant alkaloids have effects on blood pressure. Low doses can cause high blood pressure, and at high doses, hypotension.

Toxicology. Fumitory is not associated with clinically important toxicity, but large quantities of other members of the family have caused fatal outcomes.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if fumitory is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Related to: Scrambling fumitory, Fumaria muralis, Common Ramping-fumitory, Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), Irish Wildflowers, Seasonal Wild Flowers, Drug Fumitory, Climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), Loire Valley Nature...

Reference:

• drugs.com/npc/fumitory.html
• botanical-online.com/en/medicinal-plants/fumitory-side-effects
• webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-451/fumitory#interactions

بهار نارنج شکوفه درخت نارنج است که در عطرسازی و ساختن اسانس، انواع نوشیدنی‌های فصلی و عرقیجات و تهیه مربا، گز، سوهان و … کاربرد بسیار دارد. از بهار نارنج در ایران استفاده‌های صنعتی بسیاری می‌شود.

Bitter Orange Flower

شکوفه نارنج (بهارنارنج)

در ایران شهرهای بابل و شیراز به شهر بهارنارنج معروف هستند. گردشگران در این شهر عطر بهارنارنج را به عنوان یکی از جاذبه‌های آن تجربه می‌نمایند. نارنج شاید پرشمارترین درختی باشد که در شیراز می‌توان یافت، درختی که در میان بلوارها، حاشیه خیابان‌ها، در حیاط خانه‌ها و باغ‌ها دیده می‌شود و عجب اینکه این درخت همیشه سبز است. در شیراز از برگ نارنج برای بردن بوی دست‌ها نیز استفاده می‌شود. برگ این درخت، را برای دقایقی به دست‌ها می‌مالند و بدون آنکه بشویند، اجازه می‌دهند افشرده آن بر دست خشک شود تا بوی موادی نظیر بنزین و نفت، از دست‌ها زائل شود.

بهار نارنج شکوفه درخت نارنج است که در عطرسازی و ساختن اسانس، انواع نوشیدنی‌های فصلی و عرقیجات و تهیه مربا، گز، سوهان و … کاربرد بسیار دارد. از بهار نارنج در ایران استفاده‌های صنعتی بسیاری می‌شود.

عرق بهار نارنج معمولاً از طریق تقطیر شکوفه‌های تازه یا خشک‌شده بهارنارنج به دست می‌آید. هرچند روش‌های دیگری نیز برای استخراج عصاره این گیاه وجود دارد، اما روش تقطیر یکی از مرسوم‌ترین و متداول‌ترین شیوه‌هاست که کیفیت عرق تولید شده را به‌طور قابل توجهی تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد.در ابتدای فرآیند، شکوفه‌ها که می‌توانند شکوفه‌های خالص نارنج یا حتی مخلوطی از شکوفه‌های مرکبات مختلف باشند، پس از شست‌وشوی دقیق با آب سرد، به همراه آب درون دیگ‌های مخصوص عرق‌گیری قرار می‌گیرند. این شکوفه‌ها ممکن است به صورت تازه یا خشک شده باشند که هر کدام تأثیر خاصی روی کیفیت و رایحه عرق نهایی دارند.نوع دیگ عرق‌گیری نیز نقش مهمی در کیفیت عرق دارد. به عنوان مثال، دیگ‌های مسی سنتی به دلیل انتقال یکنواخت حرارت و واکنش‌های مثبت با مواد گیاهی، معمولاً عرقی با کیفیت و عطر بهتر تولید می‌کنند. در مقابل، دیگ‌های استیل و صنعتی نیز بسته به طراحی و روش کار، می‌توانند نتایج متفاوتی داشته باشند.با گرم شدن آب داخل دیگ، بخار حاوی مواد مؤثره و رایحه‌های گیاه از طریق لوله‌های مخصوص به سمت بخش تقطیر هدایت می‌شود. در این بخش، بخار خنک شده و به مایع تبدیل می‌شود؛ این مایع همان عرق بهار نارنج با عطر طبیعی و خواص درمانی مطلوب است.در نهایت، عرق به‌دست آمده پس از عبور از فیلترهای مخصوص، در ظروف مناسب بسته‌بندی شده و روانه بازار می‌گردد تا در دسترس مصرف‌کنندگان قرار گیرد.

این عصاره گیاهی سرشار از ویتامین‌های A، B و C می‌باشد و طبق منابع معتبر، فواید خاصی برای آقایان دارد که در ادامه به بررسی آنها می‌پردازیم.

طبع و ماهیت عرق بهار نارنج

از دیدگاه طب سنتی، عرق بهارنارنج دارای طبع گرم و خشک است. به همین دلیل این عرق برای افراد دارای مزاج سرد و تر (بلغمی‌ها) بسیار مناسب است؛ اما کسانی که طبع گرمی دارند بهتر است در مصرف آن تعادل را رعایت کنند یا آن را همراه با مواد غذایی خنک‌کننده مصرف نمایند. شکوفه‌های سفید درخت نارنج ماده اصلی سازنده عرق بهارنارنج هستند که با روش تقطیر سنتی تهیه می‌شود و قرن‌هاست در طب ایرانی-اسلامی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد.

خواص عرق بهار نارنج برای تقویت قوای جنسی مردان

یکی از مهمترین خواص عرق بهار نارنج برای مردان، تقویت قوای جنسی است. دمنوش بهار نارنج و گل محمدی به‌طور خاص برای تقویت قوای جنسی مردان موثر است. این خاصیت باعث شده که عرق بهار نارنج در میان آقایان محبوبیت خاصی پیدا کند. مصرف منظم این عرق گیاهی می‌تواند به افزایش میل جنسی کمک کرده و به عنوان یک تقویت‌کننده طبیعی برای آقایان عمل نماید.

تأثیر بر سلامت قلب و عروق

تپش قلب و فشار خون بالا از مشکلاتی است که بسیاری از مردان با آن دست و پنجه نرم می‌کنند. عرق بهارنارنج تأثیر مثبتی بر عملکرد قلب دارد و برای افرادی که دچار تپش قلب ناشی از استرس هستند گزینه‌ای مناسب محسوب می‌شود. این عرق می‌تواند با تنظیم عملکرد سیستم عصبی و کاهش اضطراب، ضربان قلب را متعادل کند و از فشار بیش از حد بر قلب جلوگیری نماید.

عرق بهار نارنج و گلاب ضد استرس و اضطراب بوده و مصرف آنها برای بیماران قلبی توصیه می‌شود. پیشگیری از حمله قلبی و کنترل تشنج‌های عصبی از دیگر خواص دمنوش بهار نارنج در طب سنتی است. همچنین، این عرق به برطرف کردن تپش نامنظم قلب کمک می‌کند و با تنظیم سطح فشار خون از بروز مشکلات قلبی-عروقی جلوگیری می‌کند.

خواص آرام‌بخشی و کاهش استرس

بهار نارنج دارای خواص آرامش‌بخشی و ضد استرس و اضطراب برای مردان است. در دنیای پرتنش امروزی، مردان زیادی از استرس و اضطراب رنج می‌برند که می‌تواند بر سلامت جسمی و روانی آنها تأثیر منفی بگذارد. عرق بهار نارنج به عنوان یک آرام‌بخش طبیعی شناخته می‌شود و می‌تواند به طور مؤثری اضطراب، استرس و بی‌خوابی را کاهش دهد.

ترکیبات موجود در این عرق بر سیستم عصبی تأثیر گذاشته و باعث کاهش تنش و افزایش احساس آرامش می‌شوند. نوشیدن این عرق در طول روز برای کاهش تنش‌های روزمره بسیار مفید است و مانند یک دیازپام قوی عمل می‌کند.

بهبود کیفیت خواب

بسیاری از مردان به دلیل مشغله‌های کاری و استرس‌های روزانه دچار اختلالات خواب می‌شوند. عرق بهار نارنج با خاصیت آرام‌بخشی خود می‌تواند کیفیت خواب را بهبود بخشد. افرادی که دچار بی‌خوابی هستند می‌توانند با مصرف عرق بهارنارنج دو ساعت قبل از خواب، خواب آرام‌تری داشته باشند.

این عرق گیاهی با تنظیم ساعت بیولوژیک بدن، می‌تواند الگوی خواب را اصلاح کرده و به خصوص برای مردانی که شیفت‌های کاری نامنظم دارند، بسیار مفید باشد.

Cognitive impairment is when you have problems remembering things, concentrating, making decisions and solving problems.

What is cognitive impairment? (KOG-nih-tiv im-PAYR-ment)

Problems with a person's ability to think, learn, remember, use judgement, and make decisions.

Signs of cognitive impairment include memory loss and trouble concentrating, completing tasks, understanding, remembering, following instructions, and solving problems.

Other common signs may include changes in mood or behavior, loss of motivation, and being unaware of surroundings.

Cognitive impairment may be mild or severe.

Some people with memory problems have a condition called mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. MCI has several types. The type most associated with memory loss is called amnestic MCI.

Researchers have found that more people with MCI than those without it go on to develop Alzheimer’s. However, not everyone who has MCI develops Alzheimer’s disease. About 8 of every 10 people who fit the definition of amnestic MCI go on to develop Alzheimer’s disease within 7 years. In contrast, 1% to 3% of people older than 65 who have normal cognition will develop Alzheimer’s in any one year.

How Is MCI Diagnosed?

Family and friends may notice memory lapses, and the person with MCI may worry about losing his or her memory. These worries may prompt the person to see a doctor for diagnosis.

Research suggests genetic factors may play a role in who will develop MCI, as they do in Alzheimer’s. Studies are underway to learn why some people with MCI progress to Alzheimer’s and others do not.

Dementia is typically diagnosed when acquired cognitive impairment has become severe enough to compromise social and/or occupational functioning. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a state intermediate between normal cognition and dementia, with essentially preserved functional abilities.

Dementia describes a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities.

The symptoms interfere with a person's daily life. Dementia isn't one specific disease. Several diseases can cause dementia. Memory loss is one of the early symptoms of dementia.

What are 5 signs of dementia?

These include:

• memory loss.
• difficulty concentrating.
• finding it hard to carry out familiar daily tasks, such as getting confused over the correct change when shopping.
• struggling to follow a conversation or find the right word.
• being confused about time and place.
• mood changes.

Reference:

• healthdirect.gov.au/cognitive-impairment
• pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4104432
• alzsd.org/resources/mild-cognitive-impairment
• nhs.uk/conditions/dementia/symptoms-and-diagnosis/symptoms
• cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cognitive-impairment

See also:

• Childhood dementia
• Dementia and pediatric neurodegenerative disease

It is caused by the body's stress response, which triggers the release of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. This increases physical tension and contributes to shaking and trembling.

Fear is an unpleasant subjective emotional state arising in response to perceived dangers or threats and which, when experienced, is typically associated with physiological and psychological changes. These changes frequently lead to behavioral reactions such as fight-or-flight responses or, in extreme cases, immobilization (freeze response). Unlike most (perhaps all) other animals, humans can experience fear in response to a present or anticipated stimulus and to imagined events.

The link between hormones and dandruff

The skin, including the scalp, is an endocrine organ, meaning it is influenced by various hormones circulating in the body. Hormones play a crucial role in regulating the growth and maintenance of skin cells, including those on the scalp. Any imbalance in hormone levels can disrupt the normal functioning of the skin, potentially leading to conditions such as dandruff.

Dandruff may have several causes, including: Irritated, oily skin. Dry skin. A type of fungus called malassezia that lives on the scalps of most adults and feeds on natural oils.

Several hormones have been implicated in the development of dandruff, including androgens, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are known to stimulate the production of sebum, the oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in the scalp. Excessive sebum production can create an ideal environment for the proliferation of Malassezia, a yeast-like fungus commonly associated with dandruff.

Cortisol, often referred to as the stress hormone, plays a role in modulating the body’s response to stress. High levels of cortisol have been linked to an increase in sebum production, potentially exacerbating dandruff symptoms. Chronic stress, therefore, may contribute to the onset or worsening of dandruff in susceptible individuals.

IGF-1 is another hormone implicated in the pathogenesis of dandruff. It plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and proliferation. Elevated levels of IGF-1 have been observed in individuals with dandruff, suggesting a potential link between this hormone and the abnormal shedding of skin cells characteristic of the condition.

• Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signalling plays a major part in fuel metabolism and in the regulation of body composition

Reference:

• thelancet.com/cms
• nature.com/articles/nrendo.2013.64
• ayd.com.sg/the-hidden-connection-how-are-hormones-and-dandruff-related
• mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dandruff/symptoms-causes/syc-20353850

How is chest pain treated? Chest pain treatment depends on the cause of the pain. If a heart attack is causing your chest pain, you'll get emergency treatment as soon as you seek help. This can include medication and a procedure or surgery to restore blood flow to your heart.

Chest pain is a common medical symptom that paramedics attend to in the out-of-hospital environment.

Anxiety chest pain is a stabbing pain in the chest brought on or intensified as a result of a panic attack or other anxiety-related episode. If you're experiencing these symptoms, you can practice breathing exercises, eat healthier, avoid caffeine, and seek professional therapy to alleviate these symptoms.

Maintaining general health - Performing regular exercise, managing stress with proper techniques and coping strategies, getting enough sleep and eating a well-balanced diet may also prevent the recurrence of panic attack symptoms like chest pain.

What is the most common cause of chest pain in children?

Most children complaining of chest pain have musculoskeletal chest pain, which is pain originating from the muscles or bones in the chest, and their connections. There are three common causes of musculoskeletal chest pain:

• A spasm or cramp of the chest wall muscles and nerves. These come and go and can be quite painful. These pains are sometimes referred to as “precordial catch syndrome".

• ​Coughing really hard or often during a cold can also cause chest pains.

• “Costochondritis" is pain caused by inflammation of the cartilage connecting with the bones of the chest.

Musculoskeletal chest pain is not due to any problem with the heart and is not dangerous. Pain medicines like ibuprofen can help relieve the pain and reduce any inflammation that is present. Talk to your pediatrician about how to safely use ibuprofen and any other pain medicines.

What else causes chest pain in children?

Other common causes of chest pain include:

• Pneumonia (lung infection) can cause irritation around the lungs that can be quite painful, especially with breathing. This is sometimes called pleurisy.

• Children sometimes describe their breathing difficulties from asthma as chest pain.

• Acid reflux from the stomach up into the esophagus can burn and feel painful. This is called gastroesophageal reflux disease or heart burn.

• Some children describe emotional responses to stress and anxiety as chest “pain". Others may complain of discomfort to gain attention. Your pediatrician may determine this as the cause of your child's chest pain by a process of elimination.

• In rare cases, a heart problem will cause chest pain in children.

Reference:

• basepointacademy.com/anxiety-chest-pain
• magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/jpar.2022.14.1.16?journalCode=jpar

به تغییر شدید یا سریع در احوالات یا خلق و خوی یک فرد، نوسان خلقی گفته می شود. چنین نوسانات خلقی می توانند در افزایش دادن توانایی حل مسئله و نیز طراحی برنامه های آتی انعطاف پذیر، نقشی مثبت ایفا نمایند. اگرچه هنگامی که نوسانات خلقی آن قدری قوی باشند که مُخل و مخرب شوند، ممکن است عامل و علت اصلی یک اختلال دوقطبی گردند.

Mood swings are sudden changes in how you feel. They're caused by changing levels of brain chemicals. They can be a regular part of life, like hunger. Mood swings are a normal and natural part of your child's development, however, if you are concerned about your child's behaviour, or it impacts your family life significantly, ask for some help. Significant mood swings can also be a sign of ongoing mental health conditions.

اختلال دو قطبی به صورت نوسانات خلقی شدید بین دو حالت افسردگی و شیدایی تعریف می گردد.

گاهی در روز خیلی خوشحال و پر انرژی هستید؛ کمی بعد، خیلی نارحت و کم انرژی می شوید؛ اما بعد از مدتی دوباره احساس شادی می کنید.

به نظر می رسد احساساتتان مانند یک چرخ و فلک است، لحظه ای بالا و لحظه ای پایین!

نکات قابل توجه:

1. بسیاری از عوامل می تواند در طول روز، روی خلق شما تاثیر بگذارد.برای مثال، به دلیل ریتم های شبانه روزی بدن، اکثر افراد نزدیک ظهر شادتر و پر انرژی تر هستند، اما نزدیک عصر و غروب بیشتر دچار احساسات منفی می شوند.
2. گاهی نوسانات خلقی نشانه بیماری های روحی است. گاهی هم سرنخی است از مشکل فیزیکی که در بدنتان در حال اتفاق است.
3. تغییرات خلقی را می توان کنترل یا درمان کرد.
4. نوسانات سطح هورمون‌های استروژن و پروژسترون می‌تواند باعث بروز تغییرات خلقی مانند افسردگی، اضطراب، تحریک‌پذیری یا حتی عصبانیت شود. این علائم به‌ویژه در روزهای قبل از شروع پریود شدت می‌یابد و به‌صورت سندرم پیش از قاعدگی (PMS) بروز می‌یابد.

5. تولید و تغییرات هورمونی از شایع‌‌‌ترین علل قاعدگی نامنظم هستند. استروژن و پروژسترون دو نوع هورمون موثر بر چرخه قاعدگی محسوب می‌شوند که نظم سیکل را کنترل می‌کنند. تغییراتی از قبیل بلوغ، یائسگی، بارداری، زایمان و شیردهی می‌تواند بر تعادل این هورمون‌ها و نظم چرخه قاعدگی تاثیر بگذارد.

هورمون‌های درگیر در سیکل ماهانه شامل موارد زیر هستند:

1. استروژن
2. پروژسترون
3. تستوسترون
4. هورمون محرک فولیکولی (FSH)
5. هورمون لوتئینه کننده (LH)

میزان نوسانات خلقی در افراد مبتلا به اختلال دو قطبی بسیار شدیدتر از نوسانات خلقی معمول است.

برای مثال، طبیعی است که یک یا دو روز احساس خیلی خوبی داشته باشید، طوری که انگار همه چیز بر وفق مراد شما پیش می رود، ولی فرد مبتلا به اختلال دو قطبی ممکن است روز ها یا هفته ها شادی کند، زیاد نخوابد، تند تند صحبت کند،رفتارهای مخرب از خود بروز دهد (برای مثال بیش از حد ولخرجی کند). هم چنین، عجیب نیست اگر شغلتان را دوست ندارید به سختی از خواب بیدار شوید.

اما فردی که دچار اختلال دو قطبی است، ممکن است چهار روز تمام در تخت خواب بماند و شغل خود را از دست بدهد. آن ها انگیزه کافی ندارند، ناراحت هستند و گاهی ممکن است قصد خودکشی کنند. به این فاز، فاز افسردگی گفته می شود.

Mood swings are sudden changes in how you feel.

They’re caused by changing levels of brain chemicals. They can be a regular part of life, like hunger. Or they can be a sign that something else is going on, like adolescence, the transition to menopause or a mood disorder.

What do mood swings mean?

Mood swings are sudden changes (swings) in how you feel at a particular time (mood). Sometimes, you know what causes a good or bad mood. Other times, you can't really pinpoint exactly why you feel like you do. Research suggests that chemicals in your brain (neurotransmitters) determine how you feel.

Sometimes, mood swings are symptoms of mood disorders like depression or bipolar disorder. Or they may relate to other mental health conditions, like:

• Anxiety.
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Borderline personality disorder.
• Cyclothymia.
• Eating disorders.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Conditions affecting various parts of your body — from your brain to your thyroid — can impact your mood.

Examples include:

• Brain conditions. Conditions like Alzheimer’s, brain tumors, dementia and abnormal buildup of fluid in your brain (also called normal pressure hydrocephalus) can cause mood swings.
• Conditions that affect blood sugar. Researchers have linked conditions like diabetes and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) to mood swings.
• Migraine. If you experience migraines, you may notice mood swings in the 24 hours before you get a headache. This is part of the first phase (prodrome) of a migraine.

  

• Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Conditions that cause your thyroid to make more hormones than you need can lead to mood swings, including conditions like Grave’s disease, thyroid nodules and thyroiditis.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Mood swings are a common symptom of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).
• Sleep deprivation. Not sleeping enough sleep — or having disrupted or restless sleep — makes it harder to process emotions. This can lead to mood swings and irritability.
• Traumatic brain injury (TBI). After a sudden, severe injury to your head that damages your brain (traumatic brain injury), your behavior and/or personality may change. You may have more frequent or more severe mood swings marked by aggression,a lack of concern or interest in things or people, or trouble trusting people.

What is the cause of mood swings?

What causes rapid 'mood swings'? Unexpected shifts in mood aren't always a sign of an underlying health condition or a side effect of medication or substance use. A sudden spike or drop in your blood sugar levels, for example, could affect your mood. Stress and exhaustion can also trigger mood changes.

Possible causes: Bipolar disorder, Sleep deprivation, Depression, Diabetes, Hormones, Thyroid disease, Borderline personality disorder, Premenstrual syndrome, Stress, ADHD, Pharmaceutical drug, Menopause, Medications and mood swings, Mental illness, Substance use disorder, Dementia, Diet, Health conditions, Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, Mood swings during pregnancy,Heart Disease

How do I control my mood swings?

Mood swings can be caused by tiredness, hormonal changes, stress, mental health conditions or substance use. You can improve your mood by staying active, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding alcohol and drugs.

Reference:

• actoverco.com/mood-swing
• my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/mood-swings
• myladypads.com/mag/the-role-of-hormones-in-the-period

METHOCARBAMOL (meth oh KAR ba mole) treats muscle pain and stiffness. It works by calming overactive nerves in your body, which helps your muscles relax. It belongs to a group of medications called muscle relaxants.

This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

Does methocarbamol help with muscle cramps?

Methocarbamol is a muscle relaxant. The way it works isn't well-understood. Some research suggests it works by relaxing the nerves that make your muscles tighten or cramp up. But other research suggests it relaxes the muscles directly.

COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Robaxin

What should I tell my care team before I take this medication?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:

• Kidney disease
• Seizures
• An unusual or allergic reaction to methocarbamol, other medications, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• Pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• Breast-feeding

The bay leaf is an aromatic leaf commonly used as a herb in cooking. It can be used whole, either dried or fresh, in which case it is removed from the dish before consumption, or less commonly used in ground form. The flavour that a bay leaf imparts to a dish has not been universally agreed upon, but many agree it is a subtle addition.

Bay leaves come from various plants and are used for their distinctive flavour and fragrance. The most common source is the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Other types include California bay laurel, Indian bay leaf, West Indian bay laurel, and Mexican bay laurel. Bay leaves contain essential oils, such as eucalyptol, terpenes, and methyleugenol, which contribute to their taste and aroma.

Bay leaves are used in cuisines including Indian, Filipino, European, and Caribbean. They are typically used in soups, stews, meat, seafood, and vegetable dishes. The leaves should be removed from the cooked food before eating as they can be abrasive in the digestive tract.

Bay leaves are used as an insect repellent in pantries and as an active ingredient in killing jars for entomology. In Eastern Orthodoxy liturgy, they are used to symbolize Jesus' destruction of Hades and freeing of the dead.

What are the benefits of drinking water boiled with bay leaves?

Bay leaf tea is a delicious and healthy drink that offers a range of potential benefits. These include improved skin and hair health, better digestion, and reduced inflammation. While bay leaf tea is generally safe for most people, there are a few potential side effects that you should be aware of.

Reference:

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaf

A dietary supplement containing all or most of the vitamins that may not be readily available in the diet. Vitamins may be classified according to their solubility either in lipids (vitamins A, D, E, K, F) or in water (vitamins C, B-complex). Present in minute amounts in various foods, vitamins are essential to maintaining normal metabolism and biochemical functions.[1]

Multivitamins are dietary supplements that have a number of vitamins and minerals packed into one pill. There might be other ingredients inside that claim to have certain health benefits. These supplements contain nutrients that are essential for our bodies to work properly, even though the best way to get them is through food. Multivitamins are meant to supplement your diet, not to replace healthy eating.

What Are the Different Types of Multivitamins?

Generic name: multivitamins [3]
Brand names: Berocca, Primaplex, Becomject-100, M.V.I.-12, Nephplex Rx, ... show all 330 brands
Dosage forms: oral capsule (Lipotropic with Multivitamins; Multiple Vitamins; Therapeutic Multiple Vitamins; Vitamin A and D; Vitamin A, D, E and K; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Complex with Benfotiamine, Choline and Folate; Vitamin B Complex with C; Vitamin B Complex with C and Folic Acid; Vitamin B Complex with Folate 3400 mcg DFE; Vitamin C and E)

There are many types of multivitamins out there, so knowing how to choose the right one might not be as easy as you think. It’s important to note that multivitamins aren’t standardized, so the ingredients differ by brand or type. The companies that make dietary supplements get to choose which and how many vitamins and minerals they put in their multivitamins.

As you walk down the aisle of the supermarket, you’ll notice that there are supplements aimed at different groups of people and for different purposes. The most common product that comes to mind when you think about multivitamins is a once-daily pill or gummy that contains a day’s worth of nutrients. Because the amount of nutrients you need depends on several different factors, you’ll see that these products are often marketed to different age groups or specifically to men or women.

Common types of multivitamins include:

• Multivitamins for women or men specifically
• Supplements for seniors
• Multivitamins for children
• Multivitamins for pregnant women
• Supplements for people with specific health conditions

What Are the Health Benefits of Multivitamins?

Not everyone may need to take a multivitamin to get the nutrients that they need. But some people may experience the health benefits of multivitamins if something is preventing them from getting the right amount of vitamins and minerals from the food that they eat. You may need a daily multivitamin if you are:

• Vegetarian or vegan
• Lactose intolerant
• Pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• Eating unbalanced meals
• Not eating nutrient-dense foods
• Not getting enough sleep
• Diagnosed with certain medical conditions
• Breastfeeding
• Using alcohol or tobacco regularly

The best sources of the daily vitamins and minerals that your body needs are whole foods, like proteins, whole grains, and fresh produce. But people experiencing vitamin deficiencies for any reason can benefit from the compounds found in daily multivitamins.

How Do I Choose the Right Multivitamin?

Adults who eat a healthy, well-balanced diet probably don’t need to take a multivitamin, but if you think it might help to fill in any missing vitamins and nutrients, here are some things to look for the next time you walk down the supplement aisle.

Daily Value (DV). The first thing that you should look at when you read a multivitamin label is the DV. Looking at the label, check to make sure that the multivitamin has close to 100% of the DV of the ingredients inside. When it comes to some nutrients, like calcium, magnesium, and potassium, it’s not possible to put high amounts of them into one daily tablet. Going over 100% of the DV can actually be harmful, as some of these substances then build up in your body over time and could potentially become toxic.

USP seal. The next thing you want to look for is the USP seal of approval. This means that the multivitamin has the Recommended Daily Allowance of amounts of nutrients, as laid out by the United States Pharmacopeia. The seal assures that the listed ingredients and the indicated amounts are accurate and safe. These supplements are tested and don’t contain harmful heavy metals or pesticides.

Your age and gender. Some multivitamins aren’t specific in terms of who they're marketed for. However, multivitamins that are gender or age-specific have different compositions. If you’re going to start taking a supplement, pick one that’s aimed at your gender and age group so that you're getting the right mix of vitamins and minerals.

The right nutrients. Experts agree that the average American adult often doesn’t get enough of the same five nutrients from their diet. These are:

• Calcium
• Magnesium
• Vitamin D
• Potassium
• Fiber

Look for a multivitamin that has most of these, as fiber can only be found in food. Even if you take a daily multivitamin, it’s important to work foods with these nutrients into your diet to make sure that you’re getting adequate amounts.

Reference:

1. cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/multivitamin
2. webmd.com/diet/how-to-choose-a-multivitamin
3. drugs.com/mtm/multivitamins.html

See also:

• Do Kids Need Vitamin Supplements?
• Which multivitamin is best for kids?
• Are kids multivitamins FDA approved?

monosodium glutamate (MSG), white crystalline substance, a sodium salt of the amino acid glutamic acid, that is used to intensify the natural flavour of certain foods. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an important ingredient in the cuisines of China and Japan and is used commercially in broths, soups, canned and frozen vegetables, flavouring and spice blends, gravies, meats, poultry, and sauces and in other combinations. It is also used to enhance the taste of tobacco and has been used medically to treat hepatic coma. The substance is naturally present at high levels in tomatoes and Parmesan cheese.

Is MSG 100% safe?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also called FDA, lists MSG as a food ingredient that's safe to eat in typical amounts. But some people may react to MSG. For that reason, when MSG is added to food, the FDA says it must be listed on the label.

What does MSG do to your body?

Beside its flavour enhancing effects, MSG has been associated with various forms of toxicity. MSG has been linked with obesity, metabolic disorders, Chinese Restaurant Syndrome, neurotoxic effects and detrimental effects on the reproductive organs.

Does MSG cause fat? eResearch by Navid Ajamin -- Spring 2025

MSG users had higher BMI and were more likely to be overweight compared to non-users. Also, MSG users generally had higher intakes of animal protein, fats, cholesterol, and calories; lower intakes of vegetable protein, total carbohydrate, starch, fiber, and magnesium than non-users.

نام انگلیسی : monosodium glutamate

نام تجاری : گلوتامات – MSG

فرمول : C5H8NaNO4· H2O

CAS Number : 142-47-2

گلوتامیک اسید به عنوان یک انتقال دهنده عصبی در مغز انسان عمل می کند.

این ماده انتقال دهنده عصبی هیجان است، به این معنی که سلول های عصبی را تحریک می کند تا سیگنال آن را ایجاد کند.

عمده کاربرد آن در فست فود ها، این چاشنی طعم خاصی را به محصول می دهد.

مونوسدیم گلوتامات (MSG) یک تقویت‌کننده طعم است.

بعضی افراد ادعا می کنند که مونوسدیم گلوتامات منجر به تولید بیش از حد گلوتامات در مغز شده و باعث تحریک بیش از حد سلول های عصبی می شود. به همین دلیل، MSG به عنوان یک اگزیدوتوکسین شناخته شده است.

ریشه ی این نگرانی در مورد MSG به تحقیق انجام شده در سال 1969 باز می گردد، زمانی که مطالعه ی انجام شده نشان داد که تزریق MSG با دوزهای بالا به موش های تازه متولد شده اثر عصبی مضر را ایجاد می کند. از آن به بعد، کتاب هایی مانند «اکسیدوتوکسین: طعم که می کشد» نوشته ی راسل، این ترس از MSG را زنده نگه داشته است.اثرات افزایش دهنده طعم MSG به دلیل طعم umami آن است که باعث ترشح بزاق می‌شود. به عبارت دیگر، طعم‌های اومامی دهان شما را آب می‌کند که می‌تواند طعم غذا را بهبود بخشد.

MSG یک پودر سفید، بی‌بو و کریستالی است که معمولاً به عنوان افزودنی غذایی استفاده می‌شود. در صنایع غذایی با نام E۶۲۱ شناخته می‌شود. به راحتی در آب حل می‌شود و به سدیم و گلوتامات آزاد جدا می‌شود. از تخمیر منابع کربوهیدراتی مانند چغندرقند، نیشکر و ملاس نیز ساخته می‌شود.

• مشخص نیست که چرا این اتفاق می افتد، اما برخی محققان بر این باورند که غلظت زیاد MSG باعث عبور مقدار کمی از اسید گلوتامیک از خون مغزی شده و پس از ارتباط با نورون ها، منجر به تورم و آسیب مغزی می شود.
• افزایش فعالیت گلوتامات در مغز انسان می تواند باعث آسیب شده و دوزهای بالا از MSG می توانند سطح گلوتامات خون را افزایش دهند.
• گلوتامات برای مصارف غذایی باید اندک باشد تا بر روی مغز تاثیر نداشته باشد.
• برخی افراد ممکن است به مونوسدیم گلوتامات حساسیت داشته باشند.
• برخی از افراد ممکن است پس از مصرف MSG عوارض جانبی آن را در بدن خود مشاهده کنند.
• برخی از ادعا می کنند که MSG همچنین حملات آسم را در افراد حساس ایجاد می کند.

به طور کلی، شواهد قانع کننده ای وجود ندارد که مونو سدیم گلوتامات در هنگام مصرف در مقادیر طبیعی به عنوان یک اکسیتوتوکسین عمل کند.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. It is usually a white powder. Water ionizes it into free sodium ions and glutamic acid, which is an organic compound consisting of five carbon atoms. It has a carboxylic (-COOH) group and an amino (-NH2) group attached to an “alpha” carbon atom (a carbon atom joined directly to the -COOH group) (David, 2008). It is an alpha amino acid. The molecular formula of MSG is C3H8NNaO4 and its molecular mass is 169.11 gmol-1. MSG has the same basic structure of amino acids, with an amine group (-NH2) and carboxylate ion instead of the carboxylic group (-COO-). MSG has almost same structure with glutamate. The difference is that one hydrogen atom at the carboxylic chain has been replaced with a sodium atom, hence, the name monosodium glutamate (Figure 1&2).

علائم ناشی از مصرف MSG می تواند شامل سردرد، گرفتگی عضلات، بی حسی، سوزن سوزن شدن و ضعف باشد.

آستانه ی دوز MSG که باعث ایجاد این علائم می شود، حدود 3 گرم در هر وعده غذایی است. با این حال، در نظر داشته باشید که 3 گرم یک دوز بسیار بالا (حدود شش برابر میانگین مصرف روزانه در ایالات متحده) است.

اگر خواهان یک بدن سالم و یا طول عمر برای خود یا عزیزانتون هستید، کم تر ازین ماده مصرف کنید.

Is it OK to eat MSG everyday?

Is MSG bad for you? Eaten in small amounts and as part of a meal, MSG likely won't have a negative effect, so long as you're not one of the small subset of people who are sensitive to it.

• Monosodium glutamate, also called MSG, is used to make food taste better.
• Glutamate is a form of the amino acid glutamic acid.
• Both are naturally in food such as cheese, tomatoes, mushrooms and meat.
• Glutamate is not related to gluten.
• If you think you have a problem with MSG, try cutting back on the salt in your diet.

How Is MSG Even Made?

While certain foods share the glutamic acid compound with MSG, when it was first made (over a century ago in Japan), MSG was originally derived from kelp. “Today, at Ajinomoto, we use an advanced fermentation technology that utilizes local sources of sugar. In the USA, Iowa corn is the starting material. In other countries, ingredients like sugar beets, tapioca, or sugar cane are used.” Once the glutamate is extracted from these foods and added to sodium, it’s chemically indistinguishable from what we find naturally in animal and plant proteins.

These reactions, called MSG symptom complex, are not allergic reactions. They may include:

• Headache.
• Visual aura without headache.
• Flushing.
• Body tingling.
• Quick, fluttering heartbeats, called palpitations.
• Chest pain or heaviness.
• Feeling sick to the stomach, called nausea.
• Muscle aches.

Researchers have found no clear proof of a link between MSG and these symptoms. But some people may have short-term reactions to MSG. Symptoms are often mild and don't need to be treated. To prevent a reaction, don't eat foods that have MSG in them.

MSG on top of already heavily salted foods will spike sodium levels and may lead to symptoms of high blood pressure - headaches, bloating, lethargy, feeling like there's swelling in the neck, among other symptoms.

Is MSG harmful for your kidneys?

Long-term MSG consumption causes renal structural and functional changes and electrolyte imbalance with renal oxidative stress observed by proteomic analysis.

To date, there is no conclusive evidence that links MSG consumption to cancer, either as a cause of cancer or as increasing the risk of cancer. You might, however, suspect that you have a sensitivity to MSG and that consumption triggers headaches or other symptoms.

Reference:

• pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2610632
• pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5938543
• pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9851609
• thespruceeats.com/how-to-use-msg-7547396
• britannica.com/science/monosodium-glutamate
• healthline.com/health/monosodium-glutamate-cancer
• thespicecupboard.co.uk/product/monosodium-glutamate-msg
• jyi.org/2019-april/2019/4/1/dispelling-the-danger-of-monosodium-glutamate-msg
• mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/monosodium-glutamate/faq-20058196
• irispublishers.com/gjnfs/fulltext/toxicological-effect-of-monosodium-glutamate-in-seasonings-on-human-health.ID.000522.php
• health.harvard.edu/nutrition/monosodium-glutamate-msg-what-it-is-and-why-you-might-consider-avoiding-foods-that-contain-it

See also:

• Dispelling the Danger of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
• Toxicological Effect of Monosodium Glutamate in Seasonings on Human Health
• Food additive monosodium glutamate and risk of cardiovascular diseases

The technology for a pedometer includes a mechanical sensor and software that counts steps. Early forms used a mechanical switch to detect steps together with a simple counter. If one shakes these devices, one hears a lead ball sliding back and forth, or a pendulum striking stops as it swings.

A pedometer, or step-counter, is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hands or hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration, performed by the user, is required if presentation of the distance covered in a unit of length (such as in kilometers or miles) is desired, though there are now pedometers that use electronics and software to determine how a person's step varies automatically. Distance traveled (by walking or any other means) can be measured directly by a GPS receiver.

Used originally by sports and physical fitness enthusiasts, pedometers are now becoming popular as an everyday exercise counter and motivator. Often worn on the belt and kept on all day, it can record how many steps the wearer has walked that day, and thus the kilometers or miles (distance = number of steps × step length).

Some pedometers will also erroneously record movements other than walking, such as bending to tie one's shoes, or road bumps incurred while riding a vehicle, though the most advanced devices record fewer of these 'false steps'. Step counters can give encouragement to compete with oneself in getting fit and losing weight.

A total of 10,000 steps per day, equivalent to 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), is recommended by some to be the benchmark for an active lifestyle, although this point is debated among experts, and the target originated in a marketing campaign by a manufacturer of pedometers. Thirty minutes of moderate walking are equivalent to 3,000-4,000 steps as determined by a pedometer. Step counters are being integrated into an increasing number of portable consumer electronic devices such as music players, smartphones, mobile phones and watches (called activity trackers)

1. Pedometer - Step Counter App
2. Step Counter - Pedometer
3. Walk with Map My Walk
4. Pacer Pedometer & Step Tracker
5. MyFitnessPal
6. Accupedo Pedometer
7. ASICS Runkeeper — Run Tracker
8. Fitbit
9. Samsung Health ***
10. Google Fit

See also: Do you know how pedometers work?

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) envisioned a mechanical pedometer as a device with military applications.The Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg has a pedometer in its collection from around 1590. In 1685 Gottfried Leibniz wrote of his time in France, "...several years ago [1672–1674] I saw for the first time an instrument which, when carried, automatically records the number of steps taken by a pedestrian." In 1780 Abraham-Louis Perrelet of Switzerland created a pedometer, measuring the steps and distance while walking; it was based on a 1770 mechanism of his to power a self-winding watch. A mechanical pedometer obtained from France was introduced in the US by Thomas Jefferson. It is not known if he modified the design; although this pedometer is widely attributed to Jefferson, proof is difficult to obtain as he did not apply for patents on any of his inventions.

Research suggests that apple cider vinegar may have beneficial health properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.

Health Benefits of Apple Cider Vinegar, Backed by Science

Apple cider vinegar is a popular home remedy. People have used it for centuries in cooking and natural medicine. It may have some health benefits.

These may include:

• aiding weight loss
• reducing cholesterol
• lowering blood sugar levels
• improving the symptoms of diabetes

However, little research exists, and further studies are needed before it can be recommended as an alternative therapy.

This article examines the evidence behind six possible health benefits of apple cider vinegar.

1. High in acetic acid

Acetic acid is vinegar’s primary active compound, giving it its strong sour smell and flavor. Researchers believe this acid is responsible for apple cider vinegar’s health benefits. Cider vinegars contain about 5%Trusted Source acetic acid.

Organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegarTrusted Source also contains a substance called mother, which consists of strands of proteins, enzymes, and friendly bacteria that give the product a murky appearance.

Some believe the mother is responsible for most of its health benefits, although no studies support this.

While apple cider vinegar does not contain many vitamins or minerals, quality brands may contain some amino acids and antioxidants.

2. Can help kill harmful bacteria

Vinegar can help kill pathogens, including some strainsTrusted Source of bacteria.

People have traditionally used vinegar for cleaning and disinfecting, treating nail fungus, lice, warts, and ear infections.

Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used vinegar to clean wounds more than 2,000 years ago.

Vinegar is also a food preservative. ResearchTrusted Source shows it inhibits bacteria like E. coli from growing in and spoiling food.

If you’re looking for a natural way to preserve your food, apple cider vinegar could help.

3. May help lower blood sugar levels and manage diabetes

To date, one of the most convincing applications of vinegar is helping treat type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels caused by insulin resistance or the inability to produce insulin.

However, people without diabetes can also benefitTrusted Source from keeping their blood sugar levels in the typical range, as some researchers believe that high blood sugar levels are a major cause of aging and various chronic diseases.

A 2019 clinicalTrusted Source trial suggests apple vinegar consumption may have beneficial effects on the glycemic index and oxidative stress in individuals with diabetes and dyslipidemia. A 2021 review of clinical trialsTrusted Source also found that ACV consumption may benefit glycemic status in adults.

However, the findings should be interpreted with caution, as more extensive studies are still needed to better understand apple cider vinegar’s potential benefits. In fact, the National Centers for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)Trusted Source says it’s important that people do not replace medical treatment with unproven health products.

Apple cider vinegar is generally recognized as safe. But if you’re taking blood-sugar-lowering medications, talk with a doctor before increasing your vinegar intake.

4. May aid weight loss

Perhaps surprisingly, studies show that vinegar could help people lose weight.

Several human studies show that vinegar can increase feelings of fullness. This can lead to eating fewer calories and losing weight.

One review of research noted that in short-term studies when participants consumed apple cider vinegar with a meal containing solid foods, they experienced appetite suppression for 120 minutes after the meal. They also snacked less for 3-24 hoursTrusted Source after consuming the apple cider vinegar.

However, the longer-term studies they reviewed showed no relationship between apple cider vinegar and appetite suppression.

That said, another 2024 randomized control trial study showed significant reductions in weight (6-8 kg), body fat ratio, waist and hip circumferences, body mass index (BMI), blood sugar, as well as fats and cholesterol in the blood after daily consumption of 3 doses of apple cider vinegar (15 milliliters per tablespoon (mL/tbsp)) for 12 weeks. Larger studies are recommended to verify these findings.

5. May improve heart health

Heart disease is one of the leading causesTrusted Source of death.

Several biological factors can affect your risk for heart disease.

Research suggests that vinegar could possibly improve some of them. But, many studies on apple cider vinegar’s benefits were conducted in animals, which may not reflect the benefits in humans.

A 2020 reviewTrusted Source of studies in both humans and animals noted that apple cider vinegar may potentially benefit levels of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.

A 2021 reviewTrusted Source of research in humans found that apple cider vinegar may benefit total cholesterol levels.

However, both reviews pointed to limitations in the quality and size of research available to support these claims.

Researchers need to do more studies before reaching any strong conclusions.

6. May boost skin health

Some people use apple cider vinegar as a common remedy for skin conditions like dry skin and eczema.

The skin is naturally slightly acidic. But, it may be less acidic in people with eczema. Using diluted topical apple cider vinegar topically may help rebalance the skin’s natural pH, improving the protective skin barrier.

However, researchTrusted Source doesn’t necessarily support this and warns that apple cider vinegar may actually irritate the skin in some people, especially people with skin conditions like eczema.Trusted Source

Talk with a doctor before trying new remedies, especially on damaged skin. Avoid applying undiluted vinegar to the skin, as it can cause burns.

Dosage and how to use it

The best way to incorporate apple cider vinegar into your diet is to use it in cooking. It’s a simple addition to foods like salad dressings and homemade mayonnaise.

Some people also like to dilute it in water and drink it as a beverage. Standard dosages range from 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 mL) to 1–2 tablespoons (15–30 mL) per day mixed in a large glass of water.

It’s best to start with small doses and avoid taking large amounts. Too much vinegar can cause harmful side effects, including tooth enamel erosion and potential drug interactions.

Some dietitians recommend using organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegar that contains “mother.”

Reference: healthline.com/nutrition/6-proven-health-benefits-of-apple-cider-vinegar#faq

Diaphragmatic breathing is sometimes referred to as belly, deep, relaxed, or abdominal breathing. It optimizes use of the main muscle of breathing, the diaphragm, resulting in slower, deeper breathing. It can be an important skill in a patient's self-management toolbox.[1]

Deep breaths help oxygenate your muscles, but they can also make your heart work a little harder — which is a good thing! Breathing exercises can improve your circulation, lower your blood pressure, enhance your mental outlook, improve the quality of your airways and even strengthen your bones. These four simple breathing exercises may be exactly what the doctor ordered to help keep your heart health in check.[3]

The act of breathing is a marvel of biomechanics. The lungs, diaphragm, and a symphony of muscles and nerves working in harmony are at its core. This system delicately balances oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion with every breath. Mastering the mechanics of breathing can lead to improved health outcomes, as it ensures efficient oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues and organs.[2]

What is the 4 7 8 breathing technique?

The 4-7-8 breathing technique involves breathing in for 4 seconds, holding the breath for 7 seconds, and exhaling for 8 seconds. This breathing pattern aims to reduce anxiety or help people get to sleep. The 4-7-8 breathing technique is a form of pranayama, which is the practice of breath regulation.

The 4-7-8 breathing technique is a form of pranayama, which is the practice of breath regulation. Pranayama is common in yoga.

Pranayama (Sanskrit: प्राणायाम, "Prāṇāyāma") is the yogic practice of controlling the breath in Hinduism.

Stress Reduction

Breathing exercises are a powerful tool for stress management. Techniques like deep breathing can activate the body’s relaxation response, helping to reduce stress hormones, lower heart rate, and promote a sense of calm.

Improved Lung Function

Regular practice of targeted breathing exercises can strengthen the lungs and improve respiratory efficiency. This is especially beneficial for those recovering from respiratory illnesses or looking to enhance their athletic performance.

Enhanced Focus and Concentration

Oxygen-rich blood is crucial for brain function. Effective breathing techniques can boost cerebral oxygenation, leading to improved focus, clarity, and cognitive performance.

Practice diaphragmatic breathing for 5 to 10 minutes 3 to 4 times daily.

When you begin, you may feel tired, but over time the technique should become easier and should feel more natural.

1. Lie on your back with your knees slightly bent and your head on a pillow.
2. You may place a pillow under your knees for support.
3. Place one hand on your upper chest and one hand below your rib cage, allowing you to feel the movement of your diaphragm.
4. Slowly inhale through your nose, feeling your stomach pressing into your hand.
5. Keep your other hand as still as possible.
6. Exhale using pursed lips as you tighten your abdominal muscles, keeping your upper hand completely still.

Which breathing method is best?

Abdominal breathing (or belly breathing, as we mentioned before) increases the supply of oxygen to your brain and stimulates the nervous system, causing a state of calmness. Practicing focused breathing 20 to 30 minutes each day can work wonders in reducing stress and anxiety. eResearch by Navid Ajamin -- winter 2025

Reference:

1. medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324417
2. santecares.com/2019/08/19/heart-health
3. vitalityhealthclub.com.au/breathing-techniques-for-better-health
4. maimonidesem.org/blog/box-breathing-technique-nbspnbsp
5. healthline.com/health/breathing-exercise
6. nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/4-breathing-techniques-for-better-health

See also:

• Belly Breathing -- American Lung Association
• Deep Breathing Exercises for Kids

Folate and folic acid are forms of vitamin B9 used for deficiency and to prevent pregnancy complications. Many foods contain folate or have folic acid added.

Since 1998, folic acid has been added to cold cereals, flour, breads, pasta, bakery items, cookies, and crackers, as required by federal law. Foods that are naturally high in folate include leafy vegetables, okra, asparagus, certain fruits, beans, yeast, mushrooms, animal liver and kidney, orange juice, and tomato juice. Folic acid is also available as a supplement, and is often used in combination with other B vitamins.

Folic acid is used for preventing and treating low blood levels of folate (folate deficiency) and high blood levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia). People who are pregnant or might become pregnant take folic acid to prevent serious birth defects such as spina bifida. Folic acid is also used for many other conditions including depression, stroke, decline in memory and thinking skills, and many others.

Uses & Effectiveness

Effective for

• Folate deficiency. Taking folic acid improves folate deficiency.

Likely Effective for

• High levels of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). This condition has been linked to heart disease and stroke. Taking folic acid by mouth lowers homocysteine levels in people with normal or high homocysteine levels and in people with kidney failure.
• Toxicity caused by the drug methotrexate. Taking folic acid by mouth seems to reduce nausea and vomiting from methotrexate treatment.
• Birth defects of the brain and spine (neural tube birth defects). Consuming folic acid 600-800 mcg by mouth daily during pregnancy reduces the risk of these birth defects. Folic acid can come from the diet or supplements. Some people who are at high risk should get 4000-5000 mcg daily.

Possibly Effective for

1. Decline in memory and thinking skills in older people. Taking folic acid by mouth, with or without other supplements, may improve memory and thinking skills in older people who have a larger decline in thinking skills than expected at that age. But it doesn't seem to work in older people who are experiencing the usual decline in thinking skills for their age.
2. Depression. Taking folic acid by mouth along with antidepressants seems to improve symptoms in some people with depression.
3. High blood pressure. Taking folic acid by mouth daily for at least 6 weeks reduces blood pressure in some people with high blood pressure who are not taking other blood pressure medications.
4. Gum enlargement caused by the drug phenytoin. Applying folic acid to the gums seems to prevent this issue. But taking folic acid by mouth doesn't seem to help.
5. Stroke. In areas of the world that don't add folic acid to grain products, taking folic acid supplements can reduce the risk of stroke. But supplements don't seem to be helpful for people who live in countries that do add folic acid to grain products.
6. A skin disorder that causes white patches to develop on the skin (vitiligo). Taking folic acid by mouth seems to improve symptoms of this condition.

Possibly Ineffective for

1. Low levels of healthy red blood cells (anemia) due to iron deficiency. Adding folic acid to an iron supplement does not help to treat anemia any better than taking an iron supplement alone.
2. Decline in memory and thinking skills that occurs normally with age. Taking folic acid by mouth doesn't seem to prevent a decline in mental function that occurs normally in healthy aging adults.
3. Cataracts. Taking folic acid by mouth with vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 does not prevent cataracts. In fact, it might increase the number of cataracts that need to be removed.
4. Diarrhea. Taking folic acid by mouth doesn't seem to prevent diarrhea in children who are at risk of malnutrition. In fact, it may even increase the risk of having diarrhea that lasts more than a few days.
5. Fall prevention. Taking folic acid by mouth with vitamin B12 does not seem to prevent falls in older people who are also taking vitamin D.
6. Male infertility. Taking folic acid by mouth, alone or with other ingredients, does not seem to improve male fertility.
7. Death of an unborn or premature baby. Taking folic acid by mouth during pregnancy does not seem to reduce the risk of a baby dying just before or after birth. But it does help prevent other health issues in the baby.
8. Cancer of the white blood cells (leukemia). Taking folate by mouth during pregnancy does not reduce the risk of this type of cancer in children.
9. Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis). In elderly individuals with osteoporosis, taking folic acid by mouth with vitamin B12 and/or vitamin B6 does not seem to prevent broken bones.
10. Physical performance in elderly adults. Taking folic acid by mouth with vitamin B12 doesn't seem to help older people walk better or have stronger hands.
11. High blood pressure during pregnancy. High-dose folic acid supplements do not seem to reduce blood pressure during pregnancy, or the risk of developing a condition called pre-eclampsia.
12. Infection of the airways. Taking folic acid by mouth doesn't seem to prevent infections in the lungs in children at risk of malnutrition.

Reference:

• webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1017/folic-acid

What are the 3 types of ear infection?

There are different types of ear infections.

• Middle ear infection (acute otitis media) is an infection in the middle ear.
• Otitis media with effusion is another condition that affects the middle ear.
• Swimmer's ear is an infection in the outer ear canal.

Most common ear diseases:

1. Ménière's disease
2. Ear infections
3. Otosclerosis

   

4. Tinnitus
5. Serous glue ear
6. Otitis media
7. Swimmer's ear
8. Cholesteatoma
9. Earwax
10. Labyrinthitis
11. Mastoiditis
12. Perforated eardrum
13. Unilateral hearing loss
14. Vestibular schwannoma
15. Barotrauma
16. Ear congestion
17. Ear foreign bodies
18. Fluid from the ear
19. Presbycusis

20. 

    Vestibular neuronitis

21. Autoimmune inner ear disease
22. Hearing loss
23. Hyperacusis
24. Otitis externa

Syndromes:

1. Usher Syndrome
2. Pendred Syndrome
3. Sudden Deafness
4. ...

   ---

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